routing is all about – TCP/IP and the route traffic/packages must/need/can take to the target (webserver, mailserver, youtube.com) and back.

alias = “virtual network card” = you can have multiple ip-addresses per phyisical network card.

under linux the naming is: eth0:0, eth0:1, eth0:2…

those are basically “virtual network cards” each having their own unique ip-address (may not conflict/collide, not possible to have same ip assigned to two aliases)

show routing table

route; # show the current routing table

# alternatively
netstat -nr
Kernel IP Routentabelle
Ziel            Router          Genmask         Flags   MSS Fenster irtt Iface
0.0.0.0         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0
172.20.0.0      0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0

ip route show
default via 172.20.0.1 dev eth0 proto dhcp
172.20.0.0/16 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 172.20.0.25

the UG means default gateway – all packages it does not know where to send to go to the default gateway. (it tries all the other routes first)

the 0.0.0.0 represents the current local network the machine is directly attached to.

add new route

ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.1.123 up; # create new virtual interface
route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.1 dev eth0;

root@Debian8:~# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
172.20.0.0      *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     192.168.1.1     255.255.255.0   UG    0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0

root@Debian8:~# ip route show
default via 172.20.0.1 dev eth0
172.20.0.0/16 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 172.20.0.12
192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0
192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.123

delete all default gateways / reset all connections

service network restart; # centos/suse - reset network
service networking restart; # debian/ubuntu - reset network

example routing ride:

ifconfig; # show interfaces
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  Hardware Adresse 00:15:5D:00:07:09
          inet Adresse:172.20.0.25  Bcast:172.20.255.255  Maske:255.255.0.0
...
lo        Link encap:Lokale Schleife
          inet Adresse:127.0.0.1  Maske:255.0.0.0
...

ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.2.40; # create new "virtual network card" = alias
ip addr add 192.168.2.40/24 dev eth0 brd + label eth0:0; # exactly the same but with alternative command ip

ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  Hardware Adresse 00:15:5D:00:07:09
          inet Adresse:172.20.0.25  Bcast:172.20.255.255  Maske:255.255.0.0
...
eth0:0    Link encap:Ethernet  Hardware Adresse 00:15:5D:00:07:09 = new virtual device added
          inet Adresse:192.168.2.40  Bcast:192.168.2.255  Maske:255.255.255.0
...
lo        Link encap:Lokale Schleife
          inet Adresse:127.0.0.1  Maske:255.0.0.0
...

ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.2.40; # create new "virtual network card" = alias, with same ip, is not allowed
SIOCSIFADDR: Die Datei existiert bereits
SIOCSIFFLAGS: Die angeforderte Adresse kann nicht zugewiesen werden

route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0; # tell computer that it can reach 1.XXX subnet via device eth0
# you do not have to have an ip (alias) asigned to your local network card in the segment 192.168.1.XXX to reach that network
# but you will have to have a route ;)

route
Kernel IP Routentabelle
Ziel            Router          Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
172.20.0.0      *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0 = was newly added to table

route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0:0; # tell computer that it can reach 2.XXX subnet via device eth0:0

route
Kernel IP Routentabelle
Ziel            Router          Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
172.20.0.0      *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0 = was newly added to table

route add -host 112.22.3.4 dev ppp0; # tell computer that can reach host with ip 112.22.3.4 via ppp0 (modem)
# will give an error if device does not exist

route add -host 112.22.3.4 dev eth0; # tell computer that can reach host with ip 112.22.3.4 via eth0

route
Kernel IP Routentabelle
Ziel            Router          Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
112.22.3.4      *               255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 eth0 = was newly added to table
172.20.0.0      *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0

route add default gw 192.168.1.1; # add new default gateway (how to reach all other subnets - not explicitly named in the local routing table)

route
Kernel IP Routentabelle
Ziel            Router          Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         192.168.1.1     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0 = was newly added to table
default         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
112.22.3.4      *               255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 eth0
172.20.0.0      *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0

route del default; # delete last added default gateway
route
Kernel IP Routentabelle
Ziel            Router          Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
112.22.3.4      *               255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 eth0
172.20.0.0      *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0

route del -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0; # delete specific route (one has two routes of that kind)

route
Kernel IP Routentabelle
Ziel            Router          Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
112.22.3.4      *               255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 eth0
172.20.0.0      *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.2.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0

route del -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0; # delete specific route (one has one route of that kind)

route
Kernel IP Routentabelle
Ziel            Router          Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         172.20.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
112.22.3.4      *               255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 eth0
172.20.0.0      *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 eth0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0

route del -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0; # delete specific route (one has deleted all routes of that kind)
SIOCDELRT: Kein passender Prozess gefunden = hence the error message

ifconfig eth0:0 down; # remove "virtual network card" = alias


happy routes! get your traffic through 😉 may the source and the routing-table be with you!

 

manpages:

ip.man.txt

route.man.txt

ifconfig.man.txt

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